Swiss TIMES Energy Systems Model

STEM represents from the primary energy supply over the processing, conversion, transport, distribution of energy carriers (e.g. gas, electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, e-fuels) to the end-use sectors and the energy service demands. These demands are linked to exogenous underlying drivers like population and GDP growth. STEM includes more than 90 energy service demands for industry, services, residential and transport sectors. STEM identifies the least-cost combination of technologies and fuels to meet the energy service demands in future, while fulfilling other technical, environmental and policy constraints (e.g. CO2 mitigation policy).<br><br>STEM has a high level of technology detail to ensure feasibility of future energy pathways from an engineering perspective. It has a century-long horizon to analyse long-term goals. It also has a high intra-annual resolution to account for temporal variations in energy demand and supply.